The Problem Of Evil Questions God s Existence - 995 Words

The Problem of Evil Questions God’s Existence An argument against the existence of God is based on the presence of evil in the world. This deductively valid argument is divided into two categories; human action and natural evil (Sober, 2005, p. 120). Human action discusses how experiences makes us better people, while natural evil are tragic events that are not under the control of humans. Each category is used as evidence to refute God as an all-powerful omniscient, omnibenevolent, or omnipotent being. In order to understand the strengths of this argument, it is important for an overall assessment of how the presence of evil questions if a Supreme Being actually exists, by arguing why a being of all-good would allow evil, importance of evil in a good world, and questioning God’s intervention in evil. An omniscient God knows that evil does exist because he allows it. First, God created man in his image. God made man with morally good qualities like love, faith, and kindness. Why? It is because of PKG. As Sober states in C ore Questions is Philosophy, â€Å"If God were to exists, then that being would be-all powerful, all-knowing, and all-good (all PKG, for short)† (p. 119). Second, he balanced out the good in man by also making man evil. To demonstrate, Horne’s Evil acts not evil people: their characteristics and contexts, he states the act of evil results from an individual’s assertion of the ‘naturalness’ of their act corresponding to the ‘unnaturalness’ act of others (2008,Show MoreRelatedEvil And The Existence Of Evil Essay1478 Words   |  6 PagesEvil and miracles, can they both exist in our modern everyday life? Evil s existence has no doubt to be present due to all the horrors we have heard about or witnessed. While as for miracles, the existence is constantly questioned if they exist and what classifies as a true miracle. These concepts battle with theism and cause a great uproar to the existence of a powerful, omnipotent, and omniscient bein g. The definition of evil is the absence of good while the definition of a miracle is an unexpectedRead MoreEssay On Augustine And Aquinas1567 Words   |  7 PagesKatie Farley Question Set #6- AUGUSTINE AQUINAS DUE TUESDAY, OCT 17th BY 7PM ON BLACKBOARD. 12pt FONT AUGUSTINE (a) What problem made Augustine dissatisfied with Christianity? (b) For what reasons did Augustine become dissatisfied with the Manichees? Augustine wanted to know if God is all good then why is there evil in the world. â€Å"The Christian God was proclaimed to be both almighty and perfectly good. But if that is so, where does evil come from† (pg. 228). He wanted to understand howRead MoreWriting Style Used : Mla912 Words   |  4 PagesHamartiology: The Problem of Evil Hamartiology, also known as the doctrine of sin, has been debated for centuries due to the confusion about the existence of evil in the world God created. This doctrine is more than an explanation for the problem of evil, but it affects our relationship with our all-powerful, all-loving God. The problem of evil, indeed, is an issue that objects to the belief of God s existence. Being the label for a series of problems involving God and evil, evil is seen in manyRead More`` Logical Problem Of Evil `` By Lee Strobel1377 Words   |  6 Pagesto the non-believers, the questions of a higher power and its existence comes into question as we debate on how or why if God is All Powerful, All Knowing, and All Good, how can He allow such atrocities to befallen mankind and the world? The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy defines theodicy as â€Å"a defense of the justice or goodness of God in the face of doubts or objections arising from the phenomena of evil in the world.† How could evil exists in a world made by God, the Omnipotent? In an articleRead MoreThe Problem Of Evil And Atheism1187 Words   |  5 Pagesowe to prove his thesis about the problems of evil and atheism, Rowe asks three fundamental questions. The first question, â€Å"is there an argument for atheism based on the problem of evil that could rationally justify atheism?† Supporting his question, Rowe by uses the idea of human and animal suffering.is it reasonable for omnipotent, omniscient being(s) to permits its creation to suffer by extinguish each other for their own personal benefits. If there is such a thing as an omnibenevolent, omnipotentRead MoreEssay about Descartes First Meditation924 Words   |  4 Pagesone of his main theses, which is the existence of God. One o f the main premises that Descartes uses in his proof for the existence of God comes from the evil demon argument, which he proposed, in the first meditation. It is this evil demon argument, which will be the topic of the following discussion. The purpose of Descartes#8217; evil demon argument is to establish doubt upon his belief that God is the sole figure who puts thoughts into his mind. A God that he believes to be an omnipotentRead MoreThe Existence Of God1304 Words   |  6 PagesIn this paper I’m going to argue that there exists only one God who is the most beneficent and the most merciful and that Blackburn’s claim for the existence of evil doesn t prove that there does not exist a God who is all knowing, all good and all powerful. Exposition:(349 words) In chapter five, Blackburn expresses his take on the existence of God. He believes that people with religious beliefs have to be evaluated â€Å"in terms of truth and falsity†. He thinks that that it is just the set of ritualsRead MoreThe Problem of Evil accoding to Saint Augustine Essay628 Words   |  3 PagesThe Problem of Evil Saint Augustine was one of the first to really address the problem of evil in the Christian sense. After disbanding from the Manicheans due to his dissatisfaction with the way they viewed the problem, he reasoned a sound solution to the problem of evil that could put Christians minds at ease. Saint Augustine lived from 354-430. During the era in which he lived, his world was a crockpot of instability and suffering. The Roman Empire, a symbol of strength, was falling. He lostRead MoreEvil And The Existence Of God1147 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay is based on how the problem of evil attacks head on into the existence of god who is all good, all powerful and all knowing. The problem of evil is a wide area that can t be outrun easily. The concept of evil has been problematic to many philosophers. When speaking about evil, we all have the idea that is the absence of good. For some religious people, Evil has been described as a supernatural force, although for others is been described as part of the human nature. Blackburn mainly raiseRead MoreThe Problem Of Evil, The Fine Tuning Argument And The Moral Argument1210 Words   |  5 Pagesto argue that God exists. The three main concepts that I’m going to talk about which which are the problem of evil, the fine tuning argument and the moral argument. According to theism, God is: â€Å"that being which no greater is possible, and he is omnipotent, omniscient and omnibenevolent.†. By having a God who only desires good, and us living in a world where evil exists, it is logically impossible and that is what created the problem of evil. There are two sides of the problem of evil which are the

Essay about Grand Theft Auto - 964 Words

What started out as a disagreement between mother and son has led me into the controversial world of Grand Theft Auto. My fifteen-year-old son desperately wants this game. All I can hear are the stories of violence associated with this game, which causes this mother’s heart to shudder. So began the search to back up my denials for his ownership of this game. The Grand Theft Auto series of games has been surrounded by controversy, however the research does not always back up public opinion as will be demonstrated in this paper. Grand Theft Auto got its start in 1998 with its original title released for the PlayStation One. The game was controversial from the get go with many countries protesting it and Brazil even went so far as to ban†¦show more content†¦The next release in the series was Grand Theft Auto: Vice City. This game takes one back to the ‘80’s in Liberty City which is modeled after Miami. It is very reminiscent of the 80’s show Miami Vi ce. In this game, the main character is a drug dealer who loses his boss’ shipment of cocaine and money. He then has to run around the city and beat up jurors, steal cars, kill pimps and prostitutes for money and run other unsavory missions. The music is catchy, and for someone who remembers the 80’s well will enjoy walking down memory lane. The big appeal of the game is its realism. The downfall is the language and the whole premise of the game. As soon as the disc is in and the game starts, the first line of dialogue contains several curse words and racial slurs. The game especially maligns the Latino population portraying them as drug dealers and prostitutes or strippers. It is rated M for mature and not recommended for those under the age of 17 as are all the other Grand Theft Auto games. The latest big release is Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas and it really escalated all the elements that seem unsavory from previous games. This installment in the series allows the main character to change growing fat or skinny, changing hair, clothes, and tattoos, and upgrading the car. There are rival gangs and the main player can go on drive-by shootings. The graphics in this newest installment heightensShow MoreRelatedGrand Theft Auto Vs. Grand Larceny Auto1120 Words   |  5 Pagesare in the gaming world of Grand Theft Auto V. Grand Theft Auto V is not only an absurdly entertaining game, but it also derides the modern America. Grand Theft Auto is a game which parallels the present-day situation of the world, which is literally appealing. Los Santos, the name of fantasized city which may captivate anyone, the city full of celebrities, now striving in a time of economic question mark. This game surpasses the preceding version of Grand Theft Auto revealed nearly 7 years backRead MoreGrand Theft Auto ( Gta )1496 Words   |  6 PagesTaylor Bernard Adam Junker English 101 SO3 5, May. 2016 Background: â€Å"Grand Theft Auto (GTA) is a long-running series of video games, published by Rockstar Games and developed by subsidiary companies. The games are primarily developed by Rockstar North (formerly DMA Design). There are currently sixteen games in the series, plus two expansion packs for the original and two expansions for GTA IV and including a multiplayer title. The games have been released for various platforms, including the PCRead MoreEssay on Grand Theft Auto IV1145 Words   |  5 PagesA. Introduction In Grand Theft Auto IV (GTA IV), you play the role of an Eastern European immigrant who has come to Liberty City to visit his self-proclaimed ‘successful’ cousin, Roman. After making the journey, Niko finds that his cousin is actually stuck in a cycle of debt and struggle and has been lying about his large mansion and beautiful women. After spending some time with Roman, Niko finds that his cousin is being harassed by local loan sharks. Niko must commit illegal activities for theRead More Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Essay1373 Words   |  6 Pages Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Video games began modestly, in a primitive age that had a littile yellow dot scour a maze eating little white dots. Since then, video games have expanded exponentially. These games even spand genres, including action, adventure, sports, etc. In their progression, many video games have attempted to simualte really, emersing the gamer into this puesdo-reality. Although some attempts were unsuccessful in fully depicting reality, one game managed to bring this visionRead MoreGrand Theft Auto Lawsuit Essay863 Words   |  4 Pagesthe article â€Å"Can a Video Game Lead to Murder?,† Ed Bradley reports on an incident in Fayette, Alabama involving the shooting of three police officers by a teenager and a multi-million dollar lawsuit against both the makers and sellers of the Grand Theft Auto video game. In his report Bradley uses inflammatory words, skewed facts, and quotes of prominent public figures to try and agitate uninformed parents and make them more conscious of games and th e effects they may have on their children. BradleyRead MoreGrand Theft Auto : Graphic Scenes1209 Words   |  5 PagesVideo games, such as Grand Theft Auto, depict graphic scenes which are saturated with themes of sex, robbery, and murder. Despite the game being rated M (for mature), many young children play and enjoy this game. Of course, Grand Theft Auto is not the only violent video game in the market. Call of Duty, Halo, and Destiny are all examples of shooting, roll-playing games. As I previously mentioned, many young children and teenagers play one or even all of these games. Parents and family give them asRead MoreGrand Theft Auto IIi ( Abbreviated Iv )919 Words   |  4 Pagesthe release of Grand Theft Auto III (abbreviated as GTA III). Grand Theft Auto III was one of the most influential video games because it was the first massively popular game to include a fully explorable open world, combine many different video game genres into a successful game, include a wealth of content, and spawn countless â€Å"sandbox † games that attempted to recreate GTA III’s success. No product can succeed in the market without proper marketing and exposure. Grand Theft Auto III was very controversialRead MoreGaming Reflection : Grand Theft Auto 3885 Words   |  4 PagesGaming Reflection 2: Grand Theft Auto 3 The game that I chose was Grand Theft Auto 3. I actually watched my brother play this when I was in grade school and I have played this game before. Initially, I did not have any issues with Grand Theft Auto, but I can see where the game may be an issue for others. I would not suggest that anyone allow their kids to play it although I did and it did not cause me any problems. The game is overly violent and there is a lot of unnecessary foul language. I believeRead MoreAnalysis Of Grand Theft Auto 5 Online910 Words   |  4 PagesIt’s incredibly easy to lose yourself in the vice-filled world of Grand Theft Auto 5 Online. For almost 5 years now players have been able to explore San Andrea in a way that an online multiplayer game has never done before. With constant free updates, plenty of different game modes, a massive player community, and a sense of immersion that is difficult to rival Rockstar Games has seemed to have perfected the online mode of what has become one of the best selling video games of all time.   RockstarRead MoreVideo Games : The Grand Theft Auto Franchise1810 Words   |  8 Pageswere great even without detailed graphics and sophisticated mechanics (Fallout, Legend of Zelda, Ultima, and more), it is hard to deny that modern gaming projects often exceed their predecessors. Let me give you some examples. We all know the Grand Theft Auto franchise. Back in my time, I was a huge fan of GTA 1 and 2, and I still love them. But if you ask me, the best game of the series is the latest, the fifth one. Not because it looks better or has bigger cities, but because the atmosphere and

Culture From Adam Sandler free essay sample

# 8217 ; s # 8216 ; What The Hell Happened To Me # 8216 ; Essay, Research Paper How Music Affects Culture Adam Sandler? s # 8220 ; What the Hell Happened to Me? # 8221 ; This vocal means that civilization affects how we grow up greater so most people think. I shows that when Adam Sandler was immature, he was a all-around male child that liked to hold merriment. The vocal is besides stating that our civilization is impacting guiltless young person that are forced to cover with the jobs that the old coevalss made for them. This vocal shows how all people are affected when they are truly merely guiltless bystanders that have to witness the universe at its roughest. They are forced to cover with it although they are genuinely unprepared for such a harsh intervention. Traits. The vocal presents cultural traits in that it shows how we grow up and are affected by civilization. Cultural traits presented in this vocal are how we teach kids and what we subject them to. We will write a custom essay sample on Culture From Adam Sandler or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Our methods of instruction and amusement both affect how we turn out in the long tally. The vocal shows how these traits affect how people grow up, and what they value in life. For illustration, the vocal negotiations about selling lemonade, eating Zea mays everta, and watching parades. Then it goes on to state he? s # 8220 ; merely happy when [ he? s ] imbibing JD # 8221 ; The point is that people are altering because of society and our civilization? s deficiency of certain elements, such as regard and subject. Valuess. The values presented by this vocal include the value of regard and subject, and the demand for more rigorous ways to maintain a immature head safe of devastation. These values are presented in the line # 8220 ; I merely did the things that Mama said I should, but now I do whatever I want. # 8221 ; That line shows that values change as we age and the ground is because of society ; evidently if Adam merely did what was allowed, civilization? s values of subject and regard must hold turned him the wrong manner, beca utilize his female parent did non. Other values presented in the vocal are instruction and amusement. This is shown by the lines saying that as a male child, Adam was well behaved and had fun in Parkss and carnivals. He played in the snow and he loved athleticss, but as an grownup he merely finds pleasance in things he would neer had imagined he could hold merely 20 old ages ago. Besides, it is shown that civilization has made such a muss of his head that he can? t understand why he would be in this form. he presents this information to us in the lines # 8220 ; It makes no sense, I can? t believe I? m me. # 8217 ; He says this significance # 8220 ; Why did I end up like this and how? I neer saw it coming. # 8221 ; Language. This vocal truly does non show the linguistic communication of the civilization besides his usage of sawed-off words and contractions. This shows that in our civilization, we are lazy and wear? T truly care adequate to complete complete words or to do full sentences. Lyrics: I used to sit the large wheel And sell lemonade Eat Zea mays everta with Grandpa while we watched the parade But now I? m merely happy when I? m drinkin? JD What the snake pit happened to me? I used to hold merriment throwing sweet sand verbenas With my best friend Billy Then Mom would do us cocoa if we got existent chilly But now I merely get excited when I see a miss urine What the snake pit happened to me? I used to be the nicest child in the vicinity I merely did the things Mama said I should But now I merely do whatever I want I even whipped it out at a eating house I used to assist clean the park in the center of town Then play kickball? till the Sun went down but now all I do is acquire VD What the snake pit happened to me? It makes no sense I can? t believe I ended up me I? m outta my calabash Won? T person delight assist me I? m kinda a creep

The River Essays - Dont, , Term Papers, Research Papers

The River The River The River facilitates. Demonstrates and points out the harsh and pacific realities of life. The river teaches us to let go of regret and move foward in one direction. The more constricted a river is the more violently out of control it becomes. Growth. Give the river credit. Every river is different. What matters? Why do you love? What do you know that no one else knows? Take a chance. Talk, listen, cry, roll off a waterfall. Laugh. You know how to laugh. Make a fool of yourself. Enjoy the high water, appreciate the lows... they're humbling. Learn, learn about you. Be aware at what might be lurking around the bend. Patience. Slow the river down and melt into it. Be positive. Be hopeful. Don't ever let anyone destroy who you are or what you believe. Be open to change and evolution. Accept. Reach out. Ask questions. Hear the answers. Live for the moment, anticipate the future. A good one, you deserve it. Work very hard, don't stop. Admit weaknesses and conquer them...Your strengths wil l wash out any obstacles. Use your gifts. Yes you have gifts. Forgive. Let go. Swallow your pride. Move forward. Spit your pride back up when your done to make sure it's still intact. Be gentle. Be strong. Keep a promise. Honesty. Conquer a fear. Forget fear. Don't be perfect, be excellent. Be you. Falter. Balance. Moderation. Be grateful. Be real. Never give up. Don't be afraid. You are the river. I believe in you. Poetry and Poets

Basic Facts Everyone Should Know About Clouds

Basic Facts Everyone Should Know About Clouds Clouds may look like big, fluffy marshmallows in the sky, but in reality, they are visible collections of tiny water droplets (or ice crystals, if its cold enough) that live high in the atmosphere above the Earths surface. Here, we discuss the science of clouds: how they form, move, and change color.   Formation Clouds form when a parcel of air rises from the surface up into the atmosphere. As the parcel ascends, it passes through lower and lower pressure levels (pressure decreases with height). Recall that air tends to move from higher to lower pressure areas, so as the parcel travels into lower pressure areas, the air inside of it pushes outward, causing it to expand. This expansion uses heat energy, and therefore cools the air parcel. The farther upward it travels, the more it cools. When its temperature cools to that of its dew point temperature, the water vapor inside of the parcel condenses into droplets of liquid water. These droplets then collect on the surfaces of dust, pollen, smoke, dirt, and sea salt particles called nuclei. (These nuclei are hygroscopic, meaning they attract water molecules.) It is at this point- when water vapor condenses and settles onto condensation nuclei- that clouds form and become visible. Shape Have you ever watched a cloud long enough to see it expanding outward, or looked away for a moment only to find that when you look back its shape has changed? If so, youll be glad to know it isnt your imagination. The shapes of clouds are ever-changing thanks to the processes of condensation and evaporation. After a cloud forms, condensation doesnt stop. This is why we sometimes notice clouds expanding into the neighboring sky. But as currents of warm, moist air continue to rise and feed condensation, drier air from the surrounding environment eventually infiltrates the buoyant column of air in a process called entrainment. When this drier air is introduced into the cloud body, it evaporates the clouds droplets and causes parts of the cloud to dissipate. Movement Clouds start out high up in the atmosphere because thats where theyre created, but they remain suspended thanks to the tiny particles they contain. A clouds water droplets or ice crystals are very small, less than a micron (thats less than one-millionth of a meter). Because of this, they respond very slowly to gravity. To help visualize this concept, consider a rock and a feather. Gravity affects each, however the rock falls quickly whereas the feather gradually drifts to the ground because of its lighter weight. Now compare a feather and an individual cloud droplet particle; the particle will take even longer than the feather to fall, and because of the particles tiny size, the slightest movement of air will keep it aloft. Because this applies to each cloud droplet, it applies to the entire cloud itself. Clouds travel with the upper-level winds. They move at the same speed and in the same direction as the prevailing wind at the clouds level (low, middle, or high). High-level clouds are among the fastest moving because they form near the top of the troposphere and are pushed by the jet stream. Color A clouds color is determined by the light it receives from the Sun. (Recall that the Sun emits white light; that white light is made up of all the colors in the visible spectrum: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet; and that each color in the visible spectrum represents an electromagnetic wave of a different length.) The process works like this: As the Suns lightwaves pass through the atmosphere and clouds, they meet the individual water droplets that make up a cloud. Because the water droplets have a similar size as the wavelength of sunlight, the droplets scatter the Suns light in a type of scattering known as Mie scattering in which all wavelengths of light are scattered. Because all wavelengths are scattered, and together all colors in the spectrum make up white light, we see white clouds. In the case of thicker clouds, such as stratus, sunlight passes through but is blocked. This gives the cloud a grayish appearance.

Cultural Awareness Plan Japan vehicle co. Ltd

Cultural Awareness Plan Japan vehicle co. Ltd Communicative styles The communication styles used in many organizations may differ but most of them tend to be related. Every business organization such as the Japan vehicle co. Ltd, require a good method of communication between the employers and the employees. There should be a preferred chain of communicating such that the relevant information is relayed to the appropriate people in a business.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Cultural Awareness Plan: Japan vehicle co. Ltd specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Information from the headquarters’ manager should first of all reach all the managers under him in different outstations of the company before reaching the mechanical workers of the company. Thus a descending chain of communication is preferred especially for multinational organizations (McShane Von, (2005). Preferred leadership styles The most preferred leadership styles in business organizati ons include the participative leadership style. The leaders in different sections of an organization should have good interpersonal relationships even with the workers at the lowest level. In the Japan vehicle company for example, the managing director should be likable and caring to those who test the manufactured vehicles. Another preferred leadership style is the ideological leadership. This will involve focusing on the important issues first. The tasks that have an immediate need should always be addressed first. It would be a waste for the Japan vehicle company to continue manufacturing more busses than cars while cars are on a higher demand. The change oriented leadership style is also very important since it allows for changes in the business undertakings when need arises. This style incorporated with the ideological style usually work very well (Sims, 2002). Business ethics It was found that many businesses have different but almost same business ethics. The most preferred b usiness ethics should include social responsibility whereby all the employees under the same rank are treated equally without any discrimination of color, race or even ethnic groups. The business conduct was also a preferred business ethic. Businesses should perform the tasks within their capabilities to avoid delivering harmful services to customers. Integrity is also a preferred business ethic whereby, businesses should operate within the laid laws and rules (Sims, 2002).Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Motivators The most valued motivators to business organizations should be those that, after a short period of emulation bring about positive changes. In the vehicle company, the most valuable motivator is the business value. Bearing in mind the value of the business and the impact that it has on the general public give all employees the zeal to improve on their work. The high demand and the good reputation of the company are also motivational factors which increases the performance of all workers (Deresky, 2008). Potential conflicts Almost all business organizations will at one time or another experience some conflicts. Considering that the Japan vehicles company, an international organization, the employees are from different nations although the high percentages are Japanese. Most of them have different cultural practices as well as religious beliefs. This brings conflict between the employees as each seems not to bother about the others culture as well as religion. All employees seem to want a share in the premises provided by the company to some employees, a situation which brings conflict in the company. It was also found that the relationship between Japan and the United States was deteriorating. This was because many Americans were employees of the company and the government was in fear that the United States would at one p oint try to overtake the business. The height of bribery and corruption was also found to be on the rise. Some of the company’s products seemed to disappear with some vehicles being sold without all records of any transaction having taken place. The few women workers were also raising alarm that their presence was not felt in the organization. Cultural awareness goals The entire organization’s cultural goals were being aimed at providing information to all workers to treat on another with respect and concern, bearing in mind that everyone was equal to the other as per the organization.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Cultural Awareness Plan: Japan vehicle co. Ltd specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Women were also being encouraged to participate in the many areas of work in the organization so as to reduce the blame on the company that women were not being appreciated. The cultural awareness go als of the company were also aimed at reducing all the conflicts that frequent arose in the company between the employers and the employees (Duetsch, 2002). Current state Through proper analysis of the company’s documentation, it was possible to deduce from the information provided the current status of the employees in the company. Interviews and questionnaires also would work appropriate will trying to examine the cultural status of the employees. Challenges The major challenge experienced during the cultural awareness plan was insufficient information. Although much information was contained in documentation, most of it was general and not specific to the company. The response of employees always seems to be less involving with some of them being unwilling to give information about themselves. Solutions Sufficient and concrete information that does not affect the operations of business should be open to the general public. This will help to get comments about the business and ways that can be used to improve the business performance. Employees should also be given proper training, not only in terms of their work, but also in terms of their relationships with each other. All businesses should also have a proper way of handling all the undertakings involved in a business. This will help reduce such things like, corruption and bribery as well as fear from the external competitors (Deresky, 2008). Reference List Deresky, H. (2008). International management: Managing across borders and cultures:  text and cases. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Duetsch, L. L. (2002). Industry studies. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More McShane, S. L., Von, G. M. A. (2005). Organizational behavior:emerging realities for  the workplace revolution. Boston, Mass. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Sims, R. R. (2002). Teaching business ethics for effective learning. Westport, Conn: Quorum Books.

The Ontological and Economic Trinity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Ontological and Economic Trinity - Essay Example The three persons are said to be equal in nature and in their attributes. By saying that the three persons are equal in attributes, it means that they are omniscience, they are omnipresent and they are holy. It is acceptable among all Christians across the world that the three persons do not change, they are holy and that they are divine. This state of the three persons having equal attributes and being equal in nature is referred to as the Ontological Trinity2.The word Ontology refers to the study of essence. As a result, the Ontological Trinity can also be referred to as the Essential Trinity or the Immanent Trinity. On the other hand, these three persons are said to differ in the manner with which they work and also the way they associate with the world and with each other. Each of them has varying roles in how they relate to the world. Their roles within the Godhead are also different. Each of them has their own activities and they perform them independently. This difference in h ow these persons relate to each other and to the world is referred to as the Economic Trinity. The name economic has been derived from the Greek word oikonomikos which means management of activities3. Therefore, the three persons manage their activities differently. The Ontological Trinity and the Economic Trinity are usually confusing among many Christians This makes it difficult for Christians to understand the exact nature of God Himself. It is not easy for a typical Christian to distinguish between the Ontological Trinity and the Economic Trinity. In addition, it is not easy for Christians to figure out the relationship between the two. This makes the understanding of God and how He works to become a mystery to many. Understanding these two issues can be of much importance to Christians in that they will understand how God works Project Summary The purpose of this project is to conduct a research that will help Christians understand the three persons in Trinity. They will be abl e to distinguish between the Economic Trinity and the Ontological Trinity. Having understood this, Christians will be in a better position to understand the Existence of God and also understand how God works in through the three persons in trinity (i.e.) the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. In this project, I hope to bring out a clear distinction between Ontological Trinity and the Economic Trinity. I also hope to outline and evaluate how the three persons relate to each other and how they work together. Once I am able to achieve this, the project will have achieved its mission which is to enable Christians understand God in a better way. To accomplish this purpose, I will do extensive research from academic literature and compile a report at the end of the research that gives relevant answer to the research question. History of the Doctrine of the Trinity The root of the doctrine of the Trinity can be traced from as early as the first century. The doctrine has taken centuries t o develop leading to the modern definition that is the subject of this paper. The word "Trinity" is not seen in the New Testament and neither is the doctrine explicitly taught in the scriptures4. However, we can trace the foundations of the concept of the Trinity from the New Testament, particularly from the Gospel of John, which arguably is one of the latest and one of the most theologically developed books of the New Testament. Mentions of the Trinitarian beliefs also can be seen in the extra-biblical teachings of theological writers

Men and Masculinities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Men and Masculinities - Essay Example It was found that 39.6% (p=0.00) of white males think politics is rather or very important. This compares with 40.4% (p=0.00) of black males and 40.1% (p=0.00) of Hispanic males. The number of white males who thought politics was not very important or not at all important was 59.4% (p=0.00). Black males in this category were 58.2% (p=0.00) while Hispanics were 58.9% (p=0.00). White females had 33.3% (p=0.00) that believed politics was rather or very important. Blacks in this group numbered 31.1% (p=0.00) and Hispanic females were at 29.7% (p=0.00). The numbers of white females who thought that politics was not very or not at all important was 65.6% (p=0.00). Black females in this group numbered 66.6% (p=0.00) and Hispanic females were 68.8% (p=0.00). The results clearly showed that men were more likely to believe that politics was rather or very important than were women. However, there was very little difference across racial and ethnic lines. In fact, black males who are traditionally underrepresented in government were the most likely to believe that politics was important. However, the differences between white, black, and Hispanic males were small. The differences in gender were much more pronounced. ... Belief in the importance of politics is a genderized attitude. Women have traditionally placed more value on home and family than men have. Men have been viewed as the provider and have been given access to economic and social power. This has translated into a belief that political power is important and that it has value. Women feel political power is less important because they derive their social power from family and community and not the traditional political, economic, or cultural power structure. GSS Introduction Using GSS data the study explored the attitudes of gender and race towards business profits. The research question was how does gender and race impact a person's attitude toward business profits People were asked the question: Do you agree or disagree that allowing business to make good profits is the best way to improve everyone's standard of living. The study hypothesized that the groups who benefit most from business profits would be more likely to agree with the question. White males would strongly agree while black females would strongly disagree. There would be a large difference between genders as males have the most direct access to the economy. Results (Study: GSS 1972-2004 Cumulative Datafile) The results showed that 57% (p=0.00) of the white males agreed that allowing business to make good profits would improve everyone's standard of living. Only 25.2% (p=0.00) of the white males disagreed. 52.3% (p=0.19) of the black males agreed with the statement and 26.9% (p=0.19) disagreed. The overall male total was that 55.9% (p=0.00) agreed with the statement and 26.9% (p=0.00) disagreed. When the question was posed to white women, 48.3% (p=0.00) agreed and 33.3% (p=0.00) disagreed. When black females were

Hydrotherapy Case Essay Example for Free

Hydrotherapy Case Essay Introduction This annotated bibliography is based upon three journal articles, all of which address the question, is hydrotherapy as effective as land based exercise for lower limb conditions? Hydrotherapy, water based exercise performed in a heated pool and will be analysed to determine whether it is an appropriate and beneficial type of physical therapy. Search Process Once the topic of hydrotherapy was of interest, keywords such as effectiveness of hydrotherapy and benefits of hydrotherapy for lower limbs were used in search engines such as Google Scholar and SciVerse. Once articles appeared to be of relevance to the guiding question, the abstracts of each of these articles were read and only those that were easily understood, were interesting and matched closely to the guiding question were selected to be used in the bibliography. After sorting approximately 5 articles that were of relevance to the guiding question, they were then searched for in the VU Library so their full text could be read, as there was only an abstract available when searching through Google Scholar and SciVerse. After reading the 5 articles in full the decision was made on three by how relevant they were to the guiding question and having slight similarities to each other also helped in the decision making process. The three articles that make up the annotated bibliography each compare hydrotherapy to land based exercise for patients suffering from a certain lower limb condition. The first article compares the two types of therapies for patients with osteoarthritis and whether their strength and physical function will be improved by which type of therapy. The second compares hydrotherapy to land based exercise for patients who have undergone a total knee replacement where as the final article bases its investigation on whether water therapy can be as effective as land based exercise for patients who have osteoarthritis in the knee. Each article used a different type of study design. Article 1 Foley, A, Halbert, J, Hewitt, T, Crotty, M, 2003. Does hydrotherapy improve strength and physical function in patients with osteoarthritis—a randomised controlled trial comparing a gym based and a hydrotherapy based strengthening programme. EULAR Journal, 62, 1162-1167. The aim of this article was to compare the effects of a hydrotherapy resistance exercise program with a gym based resistance exercise program focusing on strength and function in the treatment of osteoarthritis. It consisted of participants who were randomised into one of three groups: hydrotherapy (n = 35), gym (n = 35), or control (n = 35). There were 105 participants, 52 (49.5%) were women and 53 males. Having such an even number of both men and women allowed the study to be evenly distributed leaving little judgement of being one gender dominated which may effect the studys results. The mean (SD) age of the sample was 70.9 years. Originally it was decided to have only 22 subjects in each group as a sample size of 66 was required however, the sample size calculation was based on the assumption of an effect size of 1.0 with a level of 0.05 and 90% power. Therefore, to allow for drop outs and injuries, this sample was increased to 35 people in each group. This proved to be beneficial to the study as there were several subjects that discontinued with the study. Being prepared with a higher sample size to allow for subjects failing to attend would leave the study with very few subjects to test, therefore increasing the numbers to more than what was needed prepared any unsuspecting drop outs if they occurred. The warm up in the land based exercise group involved about four minutes of stationary cycling. The strengthening exercises included seated bench press, hip adduction and abduction, knee extension, and double leg press. It can be suggested that the strength exercises for land based focused more on lower limb and quadricep muscles such as double leg press with a resistance of 10 RM compared to hydrotherapy which was more focused on ROM and hip exercises such as hip extension and flexion, knee extension and flexion, hip abduction and adduction and knee cycling. It would be expected that land based groups quadricep muscles would be stronger as their exercises were more related to strengthening this area. As one of this studys major testing methods was to test the strength of the quadriceps, it should have focused on more quadriceps strengthening exercises for the water based group to complete to ensure both groups were evenly distributed with similar exercises. One of the strengths of this study was that the exercise intensity between the two intervention groups were closely matched as much as possible. However, it was stated that progressive overloading of the musculature and loading through the eccentric phase of muscle contraction is not possible in water as it is on land. Therefore, the exercise intensity would not have been as high in the water based group, hence the greater increases in strength are seen in the gym group. To balance this difference, the hydrotherapy program had an underlying aerobic training component, as higher and faster repetitions were used to increase the exercise intensity. Furthermore, the hydrotherapy group continuously worked for the full half hour session, moving immediately from one exercise to the next. Although this helped to keep both mediums on a level field, a limitation to this modification was that the water based participants heart rates were not measured suggesting that it may have been difficult to assess if they were exercising at a higher and more vigorous intensity compared to the land based exercise group. Furthermore, the land based group participants may have been exercising with just as much intensity as the water based group which would suggest they would be doing even more work than the water based group. It can be suggested that one of the limitations of this study was that it may have been too short in duration of the entire study. Only running for 6 weeks may have been too little time to be able to show obvious improvements within the subjects lower limb strength and aerobic endurance levels. Although improvements were seen with both groups it may have been beneficial to continue to a longer period for further improvements to be shown. Another limitation to this study was that only participants who could provide their own transport to the rehabilitation hospital where the study took place three times a week were eligible to take part in the trial. This would have made it difficult for those who may have wanted to participate but were excluded due to not being able to drive. Having osteoarthritis in the knee and hip joints may prevent some subjects from driving therefore limiting them form taking part in this trial. It may be beneficial for this study to have the hospital organise transportation services for subjects that would have been eligible to participate but were unable to due to transportation. This article has high relevance to the guiding question as it is based closely on comparing hydrotherapy to land based exercises and shows that hydrotherapy is just as effective when dealing with osteoarthirtis as land based exercises. Article 2 Harmor, A, Naylor, J, Crosbie, J, Russell, T, 2009. Land-Based Versus Water-Based Rehabilitation Following Total Knee Replacement: A Randomized, Single-Blind Trial. Arthritis Rheumatism (Arthritis Care Research), 61, 184-191. The aim of this article is to compare outcomes between land-based and water-based exercise programs delivered in the early subacute phase up to 6 months after total knee replacement. This study was a randomized single-blind trial of patients undergoing physiotherapy after primary total knee replacement surgery was conducted in a metropolitan public hospital. All patients provided voluntary, written informed consent prior to study enrollment and were allocated into either land based or water based program with the use of a random number generator. Outcome measures were assessed at baseline (2 weeks post surgery), after 6 weeks of rehabilitation treatment, and at 26 weeks post surgery. It was determined that a sample size of 40 patients per group would provide 80% power to detect a 20% difference between groups in 6-minute walk distance, at a significance level of P 0.05. Therefore, 102 patients were recruited to allow for a 25% dropout rate. This was a positive implication made by the conductors of the study as there were several subjects that were unable to complete the full 26 week trial. The primary outcome measured at each assessment was the 6-Minute Walk test and the secondary outcomes were stair climbing power (SCP), the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) Osteoarthritis Index, a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain in the operated knee, passive knee joint range of motion (ROM), and edema of the knee. One of the strengths of using the 6-Minute Walk as the primary outcome measurement was because it has a high efficiency of test–retest reliability and responsiveness after total knee replacement and permits decision making at an individual patient level. It was also beneficial because as the clients were recovering from knee replacement surgery, it was a non invasive, less intense outcome measure test. The patient is able to walk at their own pace and does not involve using an extreme amount of strength and effort which could put a high amount of pressure of their effected area. Walking not only allows the patients to become well practiced with their gait mobility but as it was re tested, did not put a high amount of pressure on the patient as it did not involve high amounts of pain on the newly replaced knee. This functional test for mobility-impaired older adults, in whom leg power is more important than strength for mobility, may be an optimal tool for measuring the magnitude of impairment and effects of therapy, and stair climb power test has good reliability and responsiveness after total knee replacements. Although the stair climb power test is a reliable test it can be suggested that it may be slightly dangerous and strenuous for elderly patients to complete especially after undergoing knee replacement surgery. 8 flights of 10 steps may seem daunting for elderly individuals especially if they need to use gait aid up and down the stairs which could become uncomfortable and awkward, therefore this test could have been modified to a smaller amount of steps instead of a large flight of stairs or another test that tests lower limb power could have been used in its place such as sit to stand test. In addition to the group exercise programs, all patients were instructed on a simple home exercise program, which was recommended to be undertaken daily and consisted of general active ROM exercises and walking as tolerated. However it was discovered that the home exercise program compliance was not formally monitored nor was the intensity of the exercises stated for the home program. Therefore it cannot be certain that the exercise prescription was similar for both land based and water based groups or even of sufficient amount to generate physiologic change. As the home exercises were not monitored it could be suggested that not all participants even completed the program on a daily basis while at home. If these home programs were monitored and logged by the subjects and also were made clear with the correct intensity to use this may have altered the results of the study and could have benefited the subjects further by improving in the measured outcome tests. One of the positives of this study was that during the outcome measures the patients were assessed by a blinded assessor so there was no bias shown to either group. However, this could also have been a weakness within the study as it was discovered that on a few occasions unblinding assessments occurred due to the initial blinded assessor being absent. This could have effected the outcome measure results for those particular tests that were held by the unblinded assessors. These results could have then effected the final results of the study favouring more so to one particular group. Another strength of this study was that most of the passive lower limb measurements were able to be re tested during the middle and end of the study and would be reliable tests. Knee edema was estimated by circumferential measurements at 4 locations (apex, midline, superior border, and 4 cm proximal to the superior border of the patella) with the knee in extension. The 4 measures were averaged for each knee and used as the knee edema outcome measure. These measurements which were very precise and specific to the affected area and would be a beneficial test to note the improvements and changes made around the affected knee area. An exclusion in this study which may have resulted in being a limitation to the trial was that there was no control group. Which would have made it difficult to compare the two trial groups as there was nothing to compare them to besides each other. It could suggest that having a control group would have made it easier to see improvements of each trial group compared to those who did not participate in either group. It could have provided a comparison to those who underwent knee replacement surgery and were not doing any physical activity program during the subacute stage. This may have showed actual significance of participating in physical activity compared to being sedentary and provided an indication if the subjects in the study were actually improving due to the exercises or if it was only due to their natural healing process. One of the limitations to this study was that during the water based program the hydrotherapy pool that was used was heated to a mean SD temperature of 25Â °C. Generally, the temperature should be increased to approximately 32–36Â °C for hydrotherapy for patients with knee and hip arthritis and recommended for reducing musculoskeletal stiffness. It was discovered that hydrotherapy could have produced more favourable results if the pool temperature was warmer. Not only would it have been more beneficial for the patients with their rehabilitation and recovery for reducing muscle stiffness but would have felt far more comfortable in the warmer water which would have made the program more inviting, hence reducing the nu mber of drop outs in the study. Another limitation involved in this trail was that patients who were not proficient in English were excluded from answering the WOMAC questionnaires which were used by the patients to answer questions in relation to pain, stiffness and functionality. Therefore this resulted in 8 participants in the land based and 9 in the water based groups that were excluded from this part of the study. This became a limitation because patients of language were able to be included in this study up until the questionnaires and reviews were being conducted. Furthermore, it could be suggested that having an interpreter or family member to assist with asking the patient the questions would ensure they were given the opportunity to complete the WOMAC questionnaire just as all the other participants had and may have even changed or effected the results slightly by there answers. Following the questionnaires, complications from the study were monitored up to 26 weeks post surgery using a standardized question form administered through a patient interview at review clinics or via a followup phone call after discharge. By reviewing the patients with a question form, it can indicate that those of non English speaking background would be again excluded from this part of the study. However, if these patients were still asked the questions the patient may not have fully understood the questions and given an incorrect answer. Furthermore the patient themselves may have questions they would like to ask the physical therapist about their recovery and would not be abel to communicate that across to the therapists. Therefore having someone who can understand them would be beneficial. . Follow up phone calls over the phone only allows for subjective assessments to be made which could lead to serious concerns if the reviewer is unable to see the patient. The patient may need to be further assessed or monitored objectively to ensure they are progressing throughout the study and finished the study without any further damage occurring and to ensure they are not in any pain due to the exercise program. The reviewer needs to see the patients surgical area to ensure the area has not been harmed or declined in the healing process from the studys exercise regime and to ensure they have recovered well after the program. It can be presumed that interviewing over the phone could be dangerous and too risky to assess the patients and should be sought out to ensure all reviews are done in person. Allowing patients who may not be fluent in English to participate in the study, may result in misinterpreting important information when reviewing patients or even while they are participating in the sessions. Again, having an interpreter on hand for those who are unable to communicate well enough with the assessors and instructors would be beneficial for both parties to ensure all information is passed on correctly with no misunderstandings occurring. This article was closely based on the guiding question as it gives a specific look at whether hydrotherapy is as effective or even more effective for patients recovering from a knee replacement to improve their gait mobility and knee range of motion. Article 3 Silva, L, Valim, V, Pessanha, A, Oliveira, L, Myamoto, S, Jones, A, Natour, J, 2007. Hydrotherapy Versus Conventional Land-Based Exercise for the Management of Patients With Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Randomized Clinical Trial . Physical Therapy, 88, 12-21. The aim of this article was to evaluate the effectiveness of hydrotherapy in subjects with osteoarthritis of the knee compared with subjects with osteoarthritis of the knee who performed land-based exercises. This study was a randomized clinical trail where patients with osteoarthritis of the knee were selected from the Rheumatology Outpatient Clinics at SÃ £o Paulo Hospital and were invited to participate in this study. Sixty-four participants were included in the study. Thirty-two participants (30 female, 2 male) were randomly assigned to the water-based exercise group, and 32 participants (29 female, 3 male) were randomly assigned to the land-based exercise group. A noticeable difference is the very high number of females in the study, this could suggest that it was a limitation as it may have been beneficial use more male participants to have an even distribution of both genders as this may have effected the results and the outcomes of the tests. Within this study both programs had the same types of exercise were used for both. Land based exercises were adapted to be performed underwater in order to exercise the same muscles. The exercises used for both groups included stretching and strengthening of the major muscle groups of the lower limbs, as well as gait training. Both groups had 50 minute training sessions 3 times a week for 18 weeks. This suggests a strength of the study as having the same type of program for both groups would even both groups and by using the same muscle groups throughout the entire programs allows for an balanced investigation where no groups is focusing more on one aspect of their body. This allows to truly investigate which medium actually is more effective when testing the muscular strength and mobility of the lower limbs. An area of limitation was the lack of a control group to compare with the 2 exercise treatment groups. The authors did however take not having a control group into consideration, and stated that because there is considerable evidence that land based exercises are effective in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee, they decided to compare hydrotherapy with the gold standard of exercise intervention. However, the lack of a control group meant that it was unable to determine whether the improvements in both groups resulted from exercise or other factors, such as the duration of therapy or the degree of participant attention or motivation. Nevertheless, it was believed that most of the improvement seen was attributable to the interventions used, as osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease and would be expected to cause a progressive worsening of the participants’ conditions. It may still have been beneficial to include a control group to prove that their study was accurate and improvements were actually made due to the exercise programs. The reduction in pain found in both groups is a very important benefit for such patients. Although we believe that this improvement occurred due to the strengthening of the leg muscles, we cannot affirm this due to the fact that we did not directly assess the strength of these muscles, as our primary objective was to assess improvement regarding pain and quality of life. We had expected pain to decrease more in the water-based exercise group than in the land-based exercise group. However, reductions in pain were found in both groups, thereby failing to demonstrate a greater benefit in the water-based exercise group and showing that water-based exercise is a real option for patients with OA of the knee. A positive of this studys method was that when assessing pain, it was assessed at the time of evaluation instead of assessing the pain experienced during the previous week. It suggests that this method may be a better representation of the pain experienced during daily activities compared to measuring pain experienced during the previous week. This is a positive outcome as it provides the assessors with answers to their patients pain as it was occurring and did not have to try and recall how they felt after their previous sessions. At times, pain can be present and concerning the patient however once it has been relieved it becomes forgotten and assessors may consider this valuable information about their pain levels. Another strength of this study was the use of the number of NSAIDs as a good quality measure for the assessment of pain. Patients were allowed to use sodium diclofenac to relieve pain during their sessions, however, it was discovered that the use of this medication was decreased significantly in both groups by the third month of the study, and a further reduction was seen in the fourth month in the water-based exercise group. Overall, a 50% reduction in sodium diclofenac use was observed by the end of the study. This was an effective and precise way of determining the patients pain levels throughout the study. From this it could be proven that patients pain levels were decreasing due to their exercise programs and the decrease in pain relief intake. This article was of close relevance to the guiding question as it provided information relating to the effectiveness of hydrotherapy compared to land based exercises. It proved that hydrotherapy was as effective as land based programs through pain level testing for patients with osteoarthritis. Summary In all three articles patients improved equally well in most outcome measures comparing land based with hydrotherapy. In the first article is was stated that neither mode was clearly superior to the other as both showed improvements and gained strength. Similarly, the second article showed findings of both being effective ways of treating lower limb conditions. However, not one medium was more superior than the other. The final article indicate that water based and land based exercises reduced pain and improved function in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee and that water based exercise was superior to land based exercise for relieving pain before and after walking. These studies findings indicated that hydrotherapy is a suitable and effective way of exercising for patients with lower limb conditions as water buoyancy reduces the weight that joints, bones and muscles have to bear. Aquatic exercises have been widely used in physical therapy programs, especially when exercising under normal conditions of gravity is difficult and painful. Water buoyancy reduces the weight that joints, bones, and muscles have to bear. The warmth and pressure of the water also reduce swelling and increase blood circulation. Consequently, an underwater environment allows early active mobilization and dynamic strengthening. Reflection on Process On reflection of this process, there were many challenges that were presented. Throughout analysing the articles more knowledge may have been needed when critiquing the statistical analysis of the articles. Being able to find positives and negatives within the results areas of the articles proved to be difficult. Some of the barriers that occurred during this process was that not all relevant articles that proved to be interesting and closely matched the guiding question were unable to be viewed in full. This proved to be a difficult process and only some articles were found in the VU Library that had full text available.

Essay on The Holy Bible - Character of God Exposed in the Book of Job

True Character of God Exposed in the Book of Job  Ã‚      The Book of Job offers many complex and abstract ideas. It can also be looked at in a simple fashion, taking it as a folk tale trying to explain the unexplainable forces of fate and chance. The story is often interpreted as another strange episode of the Almighty Yahweh requiring blind faith in the midst of overwhelming and sadistic trials. A picture is painted, at first glance, of a cruel and uncaring God who is most interested in His wager with Satan on the reliability of His faithful follower Job. The ending is often overlooked in the larger picture. The trial that he suffers is for his betterment, and like the aborted sacrifice of Isaac by Abraham, it reveals the true character of God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first chapter tells us that Job was very conscientious in his worship, even being recognized as à «the greatest man in the Eastà ­ (Job 1:3). It is apparent that Satan recognized this, asking for permission to assault Job straightway. After the initial test in the destruction of his child...

Why Did I Choose Wuthering Heights?

1. WHY DID I CHOOSE THIS BOOK? Since I started to be interested in English literature, I had always heard about Wuthering Heights and Emily Brontà «. Everybody I met used to say that even thought it is a really complex novel, it is a must. Likewise, I met many teachers whose devotion to this book was formidable; in terms of translation, literary criticism or just for the pleasure of reading, all of them coincided that it is a masterpiece. Due to all these facts, I looked for some information about it although it was useless, I could not understand the complicated plot just by means of an online summary, it was impossible. That is why I decided to buy this novel last summer. Even though I did not read it that summer, it was there, in my shelf, tantalizing me. Finally, I forgot it. In the early days of this semester, I discovered that for the new literature subject, we will have to choose a book and there it was, Wuthering Heights' opportunity. Without any doubt, from the first moment, I knew that it would be my ch oice. Now, after reading and analyzing this classic, I can truly say that all its renown is worthy. So that, I do not regret about having chose this masterpiece. Moreover, if I have to write another essay, I will do it on Wuthering Heights again. 2. BIOGRAPHY OF THE AUTHOR Literature was in Brontà «'s blood. Emily was born in Yorkshire on July, 1818. She was the fifth child of Patrick Brontà «, an Irish priest, and Maria Branwell, poet and painter. Since Emily was a child, she used to enjoy reading and creating stories with her sisters. After many travels trough Europe, she discovered her own poetic talent. Joint with her sisters, Anne and Charlotte, they decided to publish a collection of their poetry in 1846. In order to evade all the problems that publishing a book being a woman provoked, they adopted pseudonyms but retaining the first letter of their fist names: Emily as Ellis Bell, Anne as Acton Bell and Charlotte as Currer Bell. Analyzing the style of our author, it is undeniable the influence of Wordsworth, Walter Scott and Byron on Emily's poems. Of course, the fact that the three sisters were writers affected also her style. As a final point to Emily's biography, I would like to make a connection with the next section, her novel. Wuthering H eights was published almost a year before her death from tuberculosis at the age of thirty. 3. WUTHERING HEIGHTS: THE BOOK The context of this masterpiece takes us to the Victorian Age, and for a better understanding it should be convenient to understand the 19th-century fiction novels and the Victorian culture in which the novel was written and published. Novel became the most popular style in literature during the 19th-century in England. Most of the novels of the age were determined by the Gothic tradition, which marked these novels with the typical elements of the period such as a gloomy and ruined atmosphere or the supernatural. In the list of influenced novels, it is a must to mention, of course, Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontà «. Another issue to be taken into account is the Victorian's archetypes. In culture, the Victorians were defined by their focussing in appearance and by leaving behind disagreeables topics. Social decorum had to be kept all the time. Published in 1847, Wuthering Heights was not a really welcome novel. Not too many readers gave an opportunity to the book. It was considered against the Victorian guidelines due to to its inappropriate plot. Even though the book's narrative did not depicted any sexual nor blooded scenes, it was the topics of uncontrolled love and cruelty the ones which made the novel to be considered as disproportionated and improper for the age. However, after Brontà «'s death, the novel was reread and analyzed again by different generations of readers and that is when it started to be classified as a classic of the 19th century English literature. The storyline relates the life of Heathcliff, a mysterious character, from his childhood until his death. It is described his intense love with Catherine Earnshaw, her betrayal of him and how his revenge perdures until the day of the narration. 4. CHARACTERS' ANALYSIS In this section, the characters of the novel will be classified into different categories and analyzed. As a final part of the description, a brief interpretation of them will be added.4.1. The narratorsAs it is already known, Wuthering Heights is told by the use of multiple narrators. Although it is supposed to be the entire diary of Mr. Lockwood, it is interrupted by the use of reported speech by some characters, also the addition of written documents, such as Isabella's letter or Catherine's comments on her books. The embedded literature gives the reader a wide variety of opinions and points of view, although not all of them are believable. In this novel, we find two main narrators: Nelly Dean and Mr. Lockwood.Nelly Dean: As she grew up with Catherine Earnshaw and her brother, she is immersed in the story that she relates. In the time of the narration she is working as the housekeeper. As far a she is a passionate woman, her speech is infested of feelings. These feelings complicate her narration and sometimes they can alter it, that is the main reason why she is considered as an unreliable narrator in this novel. Mr. Lockwood: He started the story as a narrator, writing on his diary the moment when he arrived to Wuthering Heights. His narration conforms a complement to Nelly's and both of them tell the plot of the book. Lockwood's words are also considered as unreliable. The fact that he did not live the story from the beginning and his inexperience in love matters ensure that he is an untrustworthy narrator. All these facts are corroborated by Melissa Fegan, as she explains: The reader must wonder why Bronte deliberately constructed the narrative in such a way that the story is filtered through the two characters who seem least able to understand or empathize with it – two ‘unreliable' narrators. An analysis of the characters of Nelly and Lockwood suggests we must look carefully at all the evidence they provide about other characters – and themselves -and fill in the gaps where their comprehension is at fault. The burden of interpretation lies firmly with the reader. (2008: 30).4.2. The first generationNotwithstanding the importance of the first generation, during the novel they do not play a crucial role, except from Joseph. So that, this section will be very concrete and straightforward. Mr and Mrs Earnshaw: They are the parents of Catherine and Hindley, the four of them live in Wuthering Heights. One day, Mr Earnshaw brought an orphan to love with them, Heathcliff. During the narration, it is undeniable Mr Earnshaw' s preference for Heathcliff and the annoyance of Mrs Earnshaw. Mr and Mrs Linton: Thrushcross Grange's owners and parents of Edgar and Isabella Linton. In the novel, they are depicted as well-mannered and wealthy people. They both raise up their children in good manners and as sophisticated people. After taking Catherine to their house, Mrs Linton tried to teach her as a refined young girl. Joseph: A servant at Wuthering Heights during the whole novel. Stevie Davies stated: He is a gnarled root of the novel's authenticity. [†¦] He has always been there and he always will be, old as the hills, son of the Ancient of Days, with a mythic and timeless quality that does not conflict with his authenticity as a representative of the working class with its pride in hard graft and contempt for the affectations of gentility. (1994: 149).The importance of this character should not be underestimated. He has a strange power over the masters of Wuthering Heights.4.3. The second generationIn this section, the two principal characters will be presented: Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff. Even though Catherine and Heathcliff are the very principal, there are some others that also must be depicted for a better and correct understanding of the plot.Edgar Linton: He was Catherine's husband. In the novel he is described as handsome, and young, and cheerful (Brontà «, 2012, p.84). These are the qualities why Catherine married him. Since he is a child, we can perceive his hate towards Heathcliff, as a response of the way he had been educated. In his personality we can feel a tendency to be cold and a strong feeling of unforgiving when his dignity is hurt. Isabella Linton: Edgar's sister. She marries Heathcliff, but she didn't evaluate it before. This act and some others show us the spirit of Isabella. She is a shallow minded and a bit foolish. I could say that she ruined her life by falling in love with Heathcliff. Finally, the horror of her relationship makes her to move out from Wuthering Heights. Hindley Earnshaw: He is Catherine's brother. Since Heathcliff is brought to Wuthering Heights, Hindley tortures him due to the favoritism given by Mr Earnshaw towards Heathcliff. He abuses Heathcliff during the whole novel. He got married with Frances and had a son. The dead of this last one drives him into alcoholism and hopelessness. He is one of the personification of revenge and insanity in the novel. Heathcliff: An enigmatic and mysterious character since the beginning of the narration. An orphan child who is brought to Wuthering Heights by Mr Earnshaw. He fell in a profound love with Catherine, his â€Å"sister†, but she declined and married with Edgar. During the novel he is humiliated by almost everybody. Many critics coincide that: [Heathcliff]exemplifies the effects which a life of continued injustice and hard usage may produce on a naturally perverse, vindictive, and inexorable disposition. Carefully trained and kindly treated, the black gipsy-cub might possibly have been reared into a human being, but tyranny and ignorance made of him a mere demon. (Barker 1997, p. 203).As Baker states before and I completely agree, the behavior of Heathcliff was built up by all the characters who were evil with him. The truth is that it must be so difficult to be a kind person if everybody is hurting you. All this anger discharges in a final character, who is driven by rancor and during his adulthood looks for revenge. Catherine Earnshaw: The daughter of Mr and Mrs Earnshaw. She falls in a passionate love with Heathcliff, this love will determine all her life. She found herself reflected into Heathcliff, the fact that they grew up being together and together makes her think her that they belongs to each other, as it is in written in the book, [†¦]he's more myself than I am. Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same (p.87). Despite the fact that she loves him, her desire for social improvement and ambition made her to marry with Edgar Linton. Finally, this dispute between her wild love and her ambition brought misery to both of the men who loved her. Why Did I Choose Wuthering Heights? 1. WHY DID I CHOOSE THIS BOOK? Since I started to be interested in English literature, I had always heard about Wuthering Heights and Emily Brontà «. Everybody I met used to say that even thought it is a really complex novel, it is a must. Likewise, I met many teachers whose devotion to this book was formidable; in terms of translation, literary criticism or just for the pleasure of reading, all of them coincided that it is a masterpiece. Due to all these facts, I looked for some information about it although it was useless, I could not understand the complicated plot just by means of an online summary, it was impossible. That is why I decided to buy this novel last summer. Even though I did not read it that summer, it was there, in my shelf, tantalizing me. Finally, I forgot it. In the early days of this semester, I discovered that for the new literature subject, we will have to choose a book and there it was, Wuthering Heights' opportunity. Without any doubt, from the first moment, I knew that it would be my ch oice. Now, after reading and analyzing this classic, I can truly say that all its renown is worthy. So that, I do not regret about having chose this masterpiece. Moreover, if I have to write another essay, I will do it on Wuthering Heights again. 2. BIOGRAPHY OF THE AUTHOR Literature was in Brontà «'s blood. Emily was born in Yorkshire on July, 1818. She was the fifth child of Patrick Brontà «, an Irish priest, and Maria Branwell, poet and painter. Since Emily was a child, she used to enjoy reading and creating stories with her sisters. After many travels trough Europe, she discovered her own poetic talent. Joint with her sisters, Anne and Charlotte, they decided to publish a collection of their poetry in 1846. In order to evade all the problems that publishing a book being a woman provoked, they adopted pseudonyms but retaining the first letter of their fist names: Emily as Ellis Bell, Anne as Acton Bell and Charlotte as Currer Bell. Analyzing the style of our author, it is undeniable the influence of Wordsworth, Walter Scott and Byron on Emily's poems. Of course, the fact that the three sisters were writers affected also her style. As a final point to Emily's biography, I would like to make a connection with the next section, her novel. Wuthering H eights was published almost a year before her death from tuberculosis at the age of thirty. 3. WUTHERING HEIGHTS: THE BOOK The context of this masterpiece takes us to the Victorian Age, and for a better understanding it should be convenient to understand the 19th-century fiction novels and the Victorian culture in which the novel was written and published. Novel became the most popular style in literature during the 19th-century in England. Most of the novels of the age were determined by the Gothic tradition, which marked these novels with the typical elements of the period such as a gloomy and ruined atmosphere or the supernatural. In the list of influenced novels, it is a must to mention, of course, Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontà «. Another issue to be taken into account is the Victorian's archetypes. In culture, the Victorians were defined by their focussing in appearance and by leaving behind disagreeables topics. Social decorum had to be kept all the time. Published in 1847, Wuthering Heights was not a really welcome novel. Not too many readers gave an opportunity to the book. It was considered against the Victorian guidelines due to to its inappropriate plot. Even though the book's narrative did not depicted any sexual nor blooded scenes, it was the topics of uncontrolled love and cruelty the ones which made the novel to be considered as disproportionated and improper for the age. However, after Brontà «'s death, the novel was reread and analyzed again by different generations of readers and that is when it started to be classified as a classic of the 19th century English literature. The storyline relates the life of Heathcliff, a mysterious character, from his childhood until his death. It is described his intense love with Catherine Earnshaw, her betrayal of him and how his revenge perdures until the day of the narration. 4. CHARACTERS' ANALYSIS In this section, the characters of the novel will be classified into different categories and analyzed. As a final part of the description, a brief interpretation of them will be added.4.1. The narratorsAs it is already known, Wuthering Heights is told by the use of multiple narrators. Although it is supposed to be the entire diary of Mr. Lockwood, it is interrupted by the use of reported speech by some characters, also the addition of written documents, such as Isabella's letter or Catherine's comments on her books. The embedded literature gives the reader a wide variety of opinions and points of view, although not all of them are believable. In this novel, we find two main narrators: Nelly Dean and Mr. Lockwood.Nelly Dean: As she grew up with Catherine Earnshaw and her brother, she is immersed in the story that she relates. In the time of the narration she is working as the housekeeper. As far a she is a passionate woman, her speech is infested of feelings. These feelings complicate her narration and sometimes they can alter it, that is the main reason why she is considered as an unreliable narrator in this novel. Mr. Lockwood: He started the story as a narrator, writing on his diary the moment when he arrived to Wuthering Heights. His narration conforms a complement to Nelly's and both of them tell the plot of the book. Lockwood's words are also considered as unreliable. The fact that he did not live the story from the beginning and his inexperience in love matters ensure that he is an untrustworthy narrator. All these facts are corroborated by Melissa Fegan, as she explains: The reader must wonder why Bronte deliberately constructed the narrative in such a way that the story is filtered through the two characters who seem least able to understand or empathize with it – two ‘unreliable' narrators. An analysis of the characters of Nelly and Lockwood suggests we must look carefully at all the evidence they provide about other characters – and themselves -and fill in the gaps where their comprehension is at fault. The burden of interpretation lies firmly with the reader. (2008: 30).4.2. The first generationNotwithstanding the importance of the first generation, during the novel they do not play a crucial role, except from Joseph. So that, this section will be very concrete and straightforward. Mr and Mrs Earnshaw: They are the parents of Catherine and Hindley, the four of them live in Wuthering Heights. One day, Mr Earnshaw brought an orphan to love with them, Heathcliff. During the narration, it is undeniable Mr Earnshaw' s preference for Heathcliff and the annoyance of Mrs Earnshaw. Mr and Mrs Linton: Thrushcross Grange's owners and parents of Edgar and Isabella Linton. In the novel, they are depicted as well-mannered and wealthy people. They both raise up their children in good manners and as sophisticated people. After taking Catherine to their house, Mrs Linton tried to teach her as a refined young girl. Joseph: A servant at Wuthering Heights during the whole novel. Stevie Davies stated: He is a gnarled root of the novel's authenticity. [†¦] He has always been there and he always will be, old as the hills, son of the Ancient of Days, with a mythic and timeless quality that does not conflict with his authenticity as a representative of the working class with its pride in hard graft and contempt for the affectations of gentility. (1994: 149).The importance of this character should not be underestimated. He has a strange power over the masters of Wuthering Heights.4.3. The second generationIn this section, the two principal characters will be presented: Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff. Even though Catherine and Heathcliff are the very principal, there are some others that also must be depicted for a better and correct understanding of the plot.Edgar Linton: He was Catherine's husband. In the novel he is described as handsome, and young, and cheerful (Brontà «, 2012, p.84). These are the qualities why Catherine married him. Since he is a child, we can perceive his hate towards Heathcliff, as a response of the way he had been educated. In his personality we can feel a tendency to be cold and a strong feeling of unforgiving when his dignity is hurt. Isabella Linton: Edgar's sister. She marries Heathcliff, but she didn't evaluate it before. This act and some others show us the spirit of Isabella. She is a shallow minded and a bit foolish. I could say that she ruined her life by falling in love with Heathcliff. Finally, the horror of her relationship makes her to move out from Wuthering Heights. Hindley Earnshaw: He is Catherine's brother. Since Heathcliff is brought to Wuthering Heights, Hindley tortures him due to the favoritism given by Mr Earnshaw towards Heathcliff. He abuses Heathcliff during the whole novel. He got married with Frances and had a son. The dead of this last one drives him into alcoholism and hopelessness. He is one of the personification of revenge and insanity in the novel. Heathcliff: An enigmatic and mysterious character since the beginning of the narration. An orphan child who is brought to Wuthering Heights by Mr Earnshaw. He fell in a profound love with Catherine, his â€Å"sister†, but she declined and married with Edgar. During the novel he is humiliated by almost everybody. Many critics coincide that: [Heathcliff]exemplifies the effects which a life of continued injustice and hard usage may produce on a naturally perverse, vindictive, and inexorable disposition. Carefully trained and kindly treated, the black gipsy-cub might possibly have been reared into a human being, but tyranny and ignorance made of him a mere demon. (Barker 1997, p. 203).As Baker states before and I completely agree, the behavior of Heathcliff was built up by all the characters who were evil with him. The truth is that it must be so difficult to be a kind person if everybody is hurting you. All this anger discharges in a final character, who is driven by rancor and during his adulthood looks for revenge. Catherine Earnshaw: The daughter of Mr and Mrs Earnshaw. She falls in a passionate love with Heathcliff, this love will determine all her life. She found herself reflected into Heathcliff, the fact that they grew up being together and together makes her think her that they belongs to each other, as it is in written in the book, [†¦]he's more myself than I am. Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same (p.87). Despite the fact that she loves him, her desire for social improvement and ambition made her to marry with Edgar Linton. Finally, this dispute between her wild love and her ambition brought misery to both of the men who loved her.

Expansion in the 1840’s to 1850’s

EXPANSION IN THE 1840’S AND 1850’S 1. As our nation expanded from 1845-1860 political leaders could not solve, evade or escape the question as to whether or not to allow the expansion of slavery into the territories. MANIFEST DESTINY- had overtaken American justification for expansion- The US had the right and the obligation to expand to the Pacific. 1846- Americans fought an 18 month war against Mexico that resulted in the acquisition of more than half of Mexico— one third of the current US. — 2. JOHN C. CALHOUN- FROM SOUTH CAROLINA Calhoun had been vice president under John Quincy Adams in 1825 and Andrew Jackson in 1829. He split with Jackson and did not become his VP in 1833. The split was over THE TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS†- a tariff passed in 1828, as Adams was leaving office, that levied very high protective tariffs on imports for the sole purpose of protecting American manufactures. It made foreign goods too expensive for the South to buy. THIS WOULD LEAD TO EUROPE BUYING LESS OF THE SOUTH’S AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN RETURN. At the time of the War of 1812 until 1828 Calhoun was a strong NATIONALIST. But as he saw more and more how the South was being treated he made a complete turn and became a FANATICAL REGIONALIST. As VP, after the Tariff of 1828 he wrote a pamphlet in which he called for nullification of the tariff by Southern states on the grounds that it was unconstitutional. This Theory of Nullification was first issued by Thomas Jefferson over the debates on the Const. and the role of the Federal vs. State Governments. Jefferson and Madison had tried to put the theory into effect with the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions in 1798, in which they declared that the Alien and Sedition Acts (forced in by Adams) violated the Bill of Rights- EXPLAIN THE ACTS and were unconstitutional and could be nullified by any state that chose to. Calhoun had little support for nullification. Jackson promised tariff relief. But the Tariff of 1832 provided little reform. Calhoun resigned as VP in 1832 and was elected to the Senate from S. Carolina. S. Carolina called a special convention that on Nov. 24,1832 passed the Ordinance of Nullification forbidding tariff collection in the State. When Calhoun’s nullification theory was presented to the Senate it was argued that NOT ONLY COULD A STATE NULLIFY AND UNCONSTITUTIONAL LAW BUT THAT IT COULD ALSO, AS A LAST RESORT, SECEDE FROM THE UNION. —–1832†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Daniel Webster, a Senator from Mass. , defended the powers of the federal government and said: â€Å"Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable. † Nullification now divided the nation over the issue of STATES RIGHTS- the will of a state vs the law of the nation. WHAT CALHOUN WAS REALLY FIGHTING FOR WAS PROTECTION OF SLAVERY WHICH THEY FEARED COULD BE ABOLISHED BY A NORTHERN CONGRESS. That is why as early as 1832 it was important to Calhoun and his supporters to try to have the doctrine of States Rights override the National will- Calhoun saw the will of the nation being controlled by the Northern industrialists. THIS IS PROOF THAT TO THE SOUTH THE ISSUE OF SLAVERY WAS BOTH ECONOMIC AND CONSTITUTIONAL. Jackson, on Dec. 19,1832, declared the Tariff to be constitutional and denied the right of a state to block federal law. He threatened armed intervention to collect tariffs. Congress passed THE FORCE ACT- empowering the president to use force to collect tariffs. The South nullified the Force Act, but compromise was soon reached with a new tariff. BUT- THE ISSUE OF STATES RIGHTS WOULD NOT GO AWAY. The Mexican war- Northern Democrats were willing to annex Texas, a Southern state, since they expected Southern support for Oregon. The 1844 Democratic platform included a pledge to control the whole area of Oregon- US and Britain jointly occupied the area from the 42 parallel to 54,40. The area spread from the present day northern borders of California and Nevada to the Southern border of Russian Alaska. From 1818 there was joint occupation. More Americans were pouring into the area and they wanted to become part of the US. 1845 Polk recommended termination of the joint occupation and our taking control of the entire area. The question would whether the Southern (Tenn. ) president and his Southern colleagues would support free territory in Oregon as strongly as they supported slave territory in Texas. The answer was NO- Polk was willing to go to war with Spain for Texas, AND ALL THE OTHER LAND, but not with England over Oregon. So a compromise was reached with Britain at the 49th parallel. 2 Northern Democratic Senators voted against it, and only the unanimous support of the Whigs pushed it through. Northern democrats claimed: †Texas and Oregon were born in the same instant, nursed and cradlers in the same cradle, but having used Northern votes to get Texas, the peculiar friends of Texas turned and were doing all they could to strangle Oregon. † Northern Abolitionists saw the Mexican War as a means to expand slavery. In 1847 the Mass. legislature resolved that â€Å"this unconstitutional war was being waged for the triple object of expanding slavery, of strengthening the slave power, and of obtaining control of the free states. 3. Westward expansion would revive the issue of extension of slavery into the territories. Many white racists had already agreed that the Blacks could never be their intellectual, social, political or economic equals. Most white Northerners opposed allowing slaves to be brought into territories acquired from Mexico. They feared that the spread of slavery into the west would LIMIT THEIR OPPORTUNITY TO SETTLE AND FARM ON THAT LAND. NORTHERNERS OPPOSED SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES BOTH AS A LABOR SYSTEM AND THE BLACK ENSLAVED PEOPLE. By this time northern black and white people embraced the concept of the free labor system- free men and women working to earn a living and improve their lives. If the slave owners gained a foothold for their UNFREE labor system in the West then the future of the free labor system would be restricted or destroyed. 3. THE WILMOST PROVISO- During the Mexican War in 1846, Democratic congressman David Wilmot, introduced a bill into Congress to prohibit slavery in any territory we would get from Mexico. He felt that blacks would TAINT the territory and that the land should be reserved only for the white race. The Negro race already occupy enough of this fair continent†¦I would preserve for free white labor a fair country†¦where the sons of toil, of my own race and own color, can live without the disgrace which association with Negro slavery brings upon free labor. † The Proviso was never passed into law, but white Southerner’s were engaged at this attempt to stop th em from enjoying the fruits of the war by settling into the new lands. THE SOUTH SAW ANY ATTEMPT TO LIMIT THE GROWTH AS SLAVERY AS THE FIRST STEP TO ELIMINATING IT. John C. Calhoun countered with his own proposal: All territories to be regarded as common property of the states. Congress would act an agent for the states and make no laws discriminating between the states or depriving and state rights with regard to property. Any national law passed regarding slavery would violate the Const. and the doctrine of states rights. People have the Const. right to form their state governments as they wish, as long as they provide a republican form of government. The Wilmot Proviso was voted on in 1846 and the votes were strictly on section lines, causing the parties to begin to split. It passed the House but failed to come to a vote in the Senate. At the next session in Feb. ,1847, it was re passed by the House but died in the Senate. THE PROVISO STARTED A RIFT WITHIN THE PARTIES BASED ON SECTIONAL TIES. Every Northern state legislature, except one, had supported the Proviso. Every Southern state legislature opposed it. President Polk backed a compromise that would have extended the Missouri Compromise line across the Mexican cession. Many northerners backed this since they felt climate and topography would keep slavery out of most of the area naturally. BUT MANY SOUTHERNERS WERE CONCERNED ABOUT SETTING A PRECIDENT FOR FUTURE TERRITORY AND DID NOT WANT TO AGREE TO RESTRICTING SLAVERY IN ANY AREA. To prevent the spread of slavery into these areas the FREE SOIL party was formed in 1848- composed only of whites whom VIGOROUSLY OPPOSED THE EXPANSION OF SLAVERY. They feared a desecration of the land if the blacks were allowed to settle there. The Free Soil Party was hostile to the blacks and opposed emancipation. BUT it did get support from some ABOLITIONISTS who saw it as a way to stop the spread of slavery and challenge its existence. 848 the Free Soil Party ran former Pres. Martin Van Buren, who came in a distant third behind the Whig- Mexican War hero Zachary Taylor, and the Democrat- Lewis Cass. BUT 10 Free Soil Congressmen were elected. 4. The land settlement after the Mexican War and the opening of the Southwest upset the balance between slave and free states in the nation. Sept 17,1847 the Mexicans surrendered. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, ratified by the Senate on March 10,1848, ceded to the US present day California and New Mexico and parts of Utah, Nevada, Arizona and Colorado. Also the southern border of Texas was set as the Rio Grande. This added over 1 million square mile to the US, added another one-third of our territorial domain, and brought us out to the Pacific. The war introduced us to some future military giants such as Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee. ELECTION OF 1848- Democratic Party split- The †Barnburners† (supported by Van Buren and New York) supported the Wilmot Proviso. The â€Å"Hunkers† were willing to compromise with the South and nominated Cass. This led to the Free Soil Party and a major split within the Democratic Party. The Whigs passed over Henry Clay and Daniel Webster and nominated war hero Taylor. Taylor was a Southern slaveholder, but Northern Whigs supported him. They stuck together long enough to get him elected. 5. CALIFORNIA- GOLD- Jan 24,1848, gold discovered at Sutter’s Mill in California. By 1849 the Gold Rush was on. People were flocking to the area seeking their fortunes. Most men did not strike it rich BUT the Gold Rush lasted for 12 years and exploded the population of the area. By 1850 the population of Calif. reached 100,000. The residents applied for admission as a FREE STATE. This would make California the 31st state and offset the balance in the Senate between North and South. The South would not agree to this arrangement. Henry Clay was called upon to make another Compromise. He attempted to write a document that would resolve the issue of slavery for all time. California would be admitted as a free state. The slave trade (not slavery) would be eliminated in DC. A stronger Fugitive Slave Law would be passed to make it easier for slave owners to get run away slaves back. New Mexico and Utah would be organized as territories, with no mention of slavery. The Compromise did not pass- Calhoun would not tolerate the admission of California without slavery, Northerners would not agree to stronger Fugitive Slave Laws, and President Taylor shocked his fellow Southerners by insisting that California be admitted as a free state with NO COMPROMISE. Taylor threatened to veto the Compromise if the House and Senate passed it. Summer of 1850 Taylor died and Millard Fillmore became President. He wanted to compromise. Senator Stephen Douglas from Ill. guided the Compromise of 1850 through Congress by actually making it two separate bills. One brought in Calif. s a free state and the other gave a stronger fugitive slave code. MANY STATES RIGHTS SUPPORTERS SAW THE SLAVE/FREE BALANCE IN CONGESS SHIFTING FURTHER NORTHWARD. 6. THE ELECTION OF 1852- The â€Å"Barnburners† returned to the party and the Democrats nominated little known Franklin Pierce from New Hampshire- leaving the Wilmot Proviso behind them. The Whigs split totally in 1852— The Northern faction supported Winfield Scott, the Southern faction supported Millard Fillmore as a compromise candidate. There was a deadlock after 52 ballots- 96% of Scott’s votes were from free states and 85% of Fillmore’s from slave states. On the 53rd ballot Scott won the nomination. The Free Soilers nominated John P. Hale opposing the Compromise of 1850 and the extension of slavery. The Whigs had split to the point that the party was declared dead by its leaders. In 1853 the Democrats controlled every Southern State and the Whigs elected only 14 of the 65 congressmen from those states. The intersection two party system was on the verge of death. 7. FUGITIVE SLAVE LAWS- The Fugitive Slave Law created resentment among the Abolitionists and made slavery more emotional and personal to many. Actually the Constitution in Article IV, Section 2 stated that â€Å"any person held in service or labor in one state† who ran away to another state â€Å"shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor shall be due. † The Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 permitted slaves owners to recover slaves who escaped to other states. The escaped slaves had no rights- no right to a trial, no right to testify, and no guarantee of habeas corpus (the legal requirement that a person be brought before a court and not be imprisoned illegally). But by the 1830’ and 1840’s thousand of slaves were escaping and were being aided by the Underground Railroad. White Southerners found the laws too weak to overcome the resistance of the North to return the slaves. Many northern abolitionists actually aided the blacks escape and hid them if the law was known to be coming. Several Northern states had personal liberty laws that made it illegal for state law enforcement officials to help capture runaways. This was passed too. A US Supreme Court decision in 1842- Pigg v Pennsylvania- involved a slave owner who forcibly carried his runaway slave back home to Maryland from Penn. He was convicted in Penn. on a kidnapping charge†¦ The Supreme Court overturned the ruling and called the Penn. Law Unconstitutional. THE COURT ALSO RULED THAT THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE FUGITIVE SLAVE CLAUSE OF THE CONSTITUTION WAS A FEDERAL RESPONSIBILITY. This caused many states to start passing the personal liberty laws and provoked the South to ask for stricter control. Local black vigilante committees were formed including the League of Freedom in Boston and the Liberty Association in Chicago. These actions made the South ask for harsher laws. The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was one of the harshest measures EVER passed by the US Congress. Required US marshals, deputies, and ordinary citizens to help seize runaway slaves. Those who refused or helped the runaways could be fined or imprisoned. Slave owners only had to provide legal documentation from their home state OR the testimony of white witnesses before a federal commissioner that the captive was a runaway. It was nearly impossible for a black to prove that they were legally free. Federal commissioners were paid $10 for captives returned to bondage, but only $5. f they were found to be legally free. The commissioner could deputize any citizen to aid in the capture of the runaways, and stiff fines were imposed for those that did not help. Many Northerners vowed CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE. During the time the law was in effect 332 captives were returned to slavery and 11 were released as free people. FUGITIVE SLAVES- Southern laws stipulated that the status of the mother determine d a child’s legal status- free or slave. Some states abided by the new Law without question. Others did not. A Maryland slave owner tried to regain a black woman in Phila. Who he claimed had escaped 22 years before. Since then she had 6 children, and he said they all belonged to him. Case went before a federal commissioner who ruled that they were all free. SHADRACH- 1851- Federal marshals captured a black fugitive in Boston names Shadrach. A group of blacks stormed the courthouse and freed the slave and got him to Canada via the Underground Railroad. Federal authorities brought charges against 4 blacks and 4 whites that helped in the escape under the Fugitive Slave Act. LOCAL JURIES REFUSED TO CONVICT THEM. Sept 1851 – Christiana, Pennsylvania was the scene of a little battle. Three deputy marshals appeared with a family of slave owners to recover 2 runaways from Maryland. A hostile crowd of about 25 blacks and several whites met them. One slave owner was killed and several from both sides were wounded. The runaways escaped to Canada. President Fillmore sent US Marines to Penna. to round up the members of the insurrection. 36 blacks and 5 whites were arrested and indicted for treason by a federal grand jury. The government’s case was weak, and after an acquittal in the first case, the remaining cases were dropped. ANTHONY BURNS- 1854 Burns escaped from Virginia by stowing away on a ship and landed in Boston. Burns sent his enslaved brother a letter, which was intercepted and Burns was captured. Marshals put him under guard in chains in the federal courthouse. Abolitionists tried to break in but could not, even though a deputy marshal was killed. President Franklin Pierce, a northern Democrat, sent federal troops to Boston to return Burns to Virginia. The vigilance committee tried to buy Burn’s freedom but the US Attorney refused. June 1854 thousands of Bostonians lined the street on the way to the ship that Burns was being marched to. Church bells rang, buildings and on lookers were draped in black. William Lloyd Garrison held a ceremony on July 4 in which he burned a copy of the Declaration of Independence as many looked on. A federal grand jury indicted 7 men for inciting a riot to free Burns, but no Boston jury would convict and of the men. MARGARET GARNER- Winter of 1856 Margaret Garner and 7 other slaves escaped from Kentucky across the Ohio River into Cincinnati. Their owner, Archibald Grimes pursued them along with a deputy and a posse. They cornered the eight in a small house, but they fought back Finally they were subdued. Before they could be captured Garner slit her daughter’s throat rather than have her go back to slavery. She tired to kill her two sons but was disarmed. Ohio authorities charged her with murder. By then she had returned to Kentucky and was sent with her three surviving children to Arkansas to be sold. On the journey her youngest child and 24 others drowned in a shipwreck. She was later sold at a slave market in New Orleans. Toni Morrison transformed her story into the book BELOVED. 8. THE ROCHESTER CONVENTION- 1853 – Black leaders met in Rochester, NY in 1853 for a national convention. They warned that black Americans were not ready to concede to the government policy that put more emphasis on the interest of slaveholders than people seeking freedom. They called for greater unity among the blacks and a means to find ways to improve their economic prospects. They asserted their claims to the rights of citizenship and equal protection before the law. They also expressed fear that the new wave of European immigrants would deprive poor black Northerners of their jobs. FOR THE FIRST TIME BLACK LEADERS, INCLUDING FREDERICK DOUGLASS SPOKE OF THE NEED FOR A SCHOOL TO PROVIDE TRAINING IN SKILLED TRADES AND MANUAL ARTS. They even spoke of founding a Negro museum and library. NATIVISM- White Protestants picked up the fear of more Immigrants as well, with a major movement beginning against Roman Catholics from Ireland and Germany. Some feared there was a Catholic conspiracy to take over the nation. Led to the formation of the KNOW NOTHINGS in 1854- to protect traditional American values from the dangers of immigration- The names comes from the reply members were instructed to give when asked about the party- â€Å"I KNOW NOTHING†¦Ã¢â‚¬  By 1856 there were over 1 million members in the Party, mainly in New England, Kentucky and Texas. UNCLE TOM’S CABIN- Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852- originally published in installments in an anti-slavery newspaper. Stowe was raised in a religious environment and developed a hatred of slavery. In the novel she depicts the cruelty, inhumanity and destructive impact on families by slavery. It moved Northerners to tears and made slavery more personal to readers who never considered it as a way of life. White Southerners called it a false depiction of slavery. But Stowe later published A Key to Uncle Tom’s Cabin in which she cited the sources for her novel, many of which were southern newspapers. ABLEMAN V BOOTH-1859- The personal liberty laws continued to violate federal laws. This case arose when a Wisconsin abolitionist named Sherman Booth was convicted by a federal court and sent to prison for leading a raid in 1854 that had freed a fugitive. The Wisconsin Supreme Court had ruled the Fugitive Slave Law as unconstitutional and ordered Booth’s release. Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled that the Fugitive Slave law was constitutional AND ANY STATE INTERFERING WITH ITS ENFORCEMENT WAS UNCONSTITUTIONAL. Booth went back to prison. THE SUPREMACY OF FEDERAL LAW WAS UPHELD- This case was a complete REVERSAL of the traditional values of the North favoring federal supremacy and the South pushing for states rights. 9. OTHER ATTEMPTS- While many states had been passing personal liberty laws in the 1850’s, some were adopting harsher ‘black laws’ to restrict free blacks—mainly the lower Northern states and the West. Indiana adopted a provision in its 1851 Constitution that prohibited the migration of free blacks into the state. Blacks could not vote there, nor serve on juries or in the army, nor testify against whites, nor marry whites, nor go to school with whites. Iowa and Illinois had similar laws and also banned black immigration in 1851 and 1853. When Oregon was admitted to the union in 1859 she adopted a whole range of black laws, even though black migration to that state was remote. California, 10 years earlier, had not banned black migration since she feared it would delay the process of statehood, but Calif. id adopt a large range of discriminatory laws. SO, EVEN IN THE FREE STATES, THERE WAS AN ANTI-BLACK SENTIMENT. Only New England states, except Connecticut, had allowed blacks to vote equally with the whites prior to the Civil War. Attempts to institute this in other northern states FAILED in the 1850’s. Racism was so strong in the North that no party could win if it endorsed full racial equality. REMEMBER— Abolitionists and Free Soilers could hate slavery and have sympathy for fugitive slaves, BUT they could also be very prejudiced and have a commitment to RACISM.